Jerry Fahrni

Tag: Sterile Compounding

  • Pharmacy – Relying on 503Bs is a mistake

    What’s a 503B FDA outsourcing facility? Well, just sit right back and you’ll hear a tale, a tale of a fateful trip, that started from this tropic port, aboard this tiny ship…. just kidding, it’s what popped into my head when I started writing, but we really should define what a 503B is.

    The 503B moniker is a designation created by the FDA that establishes a middle ground between manufacturers and facility-level compounding. In short, 503Bs are pharmacies that can “manufacture” compounded medications and sell them to other entities, like hospitals. Unlike hospital pharmacies, designated 503A pharmacies, 503Bs must comply with strict CGMP (current good manufacturing practices) which are the same standards that pharmaceutical manufacturers are held. Because 503Bs use CGMP and conduct lots of sterility and stability testing, they are allowed to assign extended beyond-use-dates (BUDs) to products. It is a tough gig to be sure, no one wants to be beholden to the douchebags at the FDA. More information on 503Bs can be found here.

    In general, 503Bs were born out of the crazy overregulation of pharmacy IV rooms. The adoption of USP General Chapter <797> by Boards of Pharmacy throughout the land created a void for most pharmacies that could not easily be filled. Unlike in the heyday of pharmacy practice, when pharmacists made sound, logical decisions based on science, education, and experience, the current landscape dictates when and how something can be made, its storage conditions, and ultimately how long it can be held prior to use. Before USP <797>, it was customary practice to compound “batches” of frequently used medications and store them for future use, whether that be a week or a month down the road. It was the lifeblood of many pharmacies as it gave them control of their own resources. During downtimes, staff would batch in anticipation of times when things were so busy you could not take a piss. With adoption of USP guidelines as best practice, this all went away. Compounding on demand, with some low volume “anticipatory compounding”, became the norm.* It is quite inefficient compared to older, better practices.

    The issue above created a hole in the pharmacy supply chain that gave rise to 503Bs. It’s a service that no one asked for but became unavoidable for many. Don’t get me wrong, 503Bs have been of great benefit to many healthcare systems. They provide a vital service between pharmaceutical manufacturing and facility-level compounding. There are hospitals out there that would find it difficult to survive without 503Bs. On-demand compounding with small anticipatory batches is always preferred, but not always possible. Everybody needs help sometimes.

    However, 503Bs are not perfect, and their shortcomings were amplified during peak pandemic. In general, one would have a need, place an order, and receive drug. But we all know that the pharmacy supply doesn’t always work this way. In fact, it’s all too common to have a need, place an order, and then sit around wondering what happened to the drugs that were supposed to be sitting in your receiving area. Things can get messy in a hurry. Think for a moment about when 503Bs are needed most. It’s when demand is high and pharmacies are running at peak capacity. Unfortunately, it’s during these times of critical need when 503Bs become a liability.  

    In short, here are the reasons why using 503Bs is a mistake:

    1. Expensive: You pay for the convenience of purchasing products made by someone else. They have to pay for labor, testing, and infrastructure somehow. I do not begrudge them their profit, but it has to come out of someone else’s pocket. For large facilities, this can easily add up to a number north of a million dollars per year. A million dollars is not exactly earth shattering for facilities with budgets in the tens of millions of dollars, but it is worth a moments consideration.
    2. Shortages, demands, delays: 503Bs suffer from the inability to spin up production during times of extreme need. Rest assured, when one pharmacy has increased need for a certain drug, they all do. This obviously creates issues with supply chain, and nowhere is this more evident than with 503Bs. It’s bit me on the rear more than once.
    3. Quality control issues: Unfortunately, 503Bs are subject to the same quality control issues that are found in many pharmacy IV rooms. One small error can force the destruction of an entire batch, which may represent orders for many pharmacies. Whoops, get ready for an Excedrin-sized headache.
    4. Customer support: My limited dealings with 503Bs has resulted in me wanting to deal with them even less. I have found customer support at 503B companies to be lacking, to put it kindly.**

    In the end, it is at one’s own peril that they rely on 503Bs to provide a steady stream of products. They seem to let pharmacies down when they are needed the most. After much thought, I think it is time for pharmacies to take back control of their compounded medication production. While not the easiest thing to do, USP guidelines, and by extension most regulatory agencies, do allow pharmacies to produce limited quantities of compounded products in anticipation of need. Given the potential expense of using 503Bs, it seems logical that one could find enough in cost savings to build out a new service line. This is especially true for facilities large enough to require such a service in the first place.  

    And that brings us to robotics, which is a blog for another time.

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    *one may technically compound large batches at the facility level, but it is limited by two factors: 1) it requires extensive testing that is time consuming and expensive, and 2) regulatory agencies like the CA Board of Pharmacy and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) hate it, so they tend to crawl up every orifice you have searching for a problem if you do it. It’s the type of scrutiny facilities try to avoid.

    **I believe this is due to the nature of their business model, i.e. razor thin margins made up by cranking out more product.

  • Today’s sterile compounding climate is a lesson on availability cascades

    I’ve been slowly reading ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’, a best-selling book by Daniel Kahneman, a Nobel Prize winning psychologist and economist known for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making. 

    The book summarizes behavioral science research conducted by Kahneman. The recurring theme of the book is what the author defines as two modes of human thought, “System 1” and “System 2”. System 1 is fast, instinctive, and emotional. System 2, as you might guess, is slower, deliberate, and logical. The author spends a lot of time discussing how System 1 and System 2 impact choices and judgment, creating an incredible amount of bias in our decision making process. The basic thesis being that people really don’t have as much control over their decisions as they believe. According to Kahneman, humans constantly fall into predictable thinking traps, often due to the fast and emotional System 1. The concept is philosophically interesting but practically devastating.[1] 

    One section of the book that I found particularly compelling, and applicable to pharmacy, was Chapter 13, ‘Availability, Emotion, and Risk’. The chapter goes into great detail about how bias impacts decisions, even when presented with facts to the contrary. According to Kahneman, these biases are warped by media coverage, especially for emotionally charged issues. This creates problems because the average person is driven more by emotion than reason. [2] 

    This area of the book hit home for me because of my current involvement in a massive project to bring hospital pharmacy cleanrooms into compliance with new USP <797> and <800> guidelines. The entire project is the direct result of decision bias surrounding sterile compounding. 

    If one were to go back and research the impetus for developing current sterile compounding guidelines, one would be hard pressed to find anything concrete. Current USP Chapters <797> and <800> are based more on “expert opinion” than science. If it were the other way around, one would find more references for specific requirements and fewer reader comments. The guidelines would read more like a journal article and less like best practice recommendations. However, that’s not what we find in these chapters. 

    While there’s nothing wrong with expert opinion, per se, they should not override common sense. Expert opinions should be considered recommendations and guidance, not requirements and law. The problem with expert opinion is that it can be influenced by emotion, the same as an average person. Emotional decision making can lead to problems. According to Kahneman, “…biased reactions to risks are an important source of erratic and misplaced priorities in public policy. Lawmakers and regulators may be overly responsive to the irrational concerns of citizens, both because of political sensitivity and because they are prone to the same cognitive biases as other citizens”. 

    Consider this, Kahneman describes something in his book called an availability cascade. An availability cascade is “a self-sustaining chain of events, which may start from media reports … and lead up to public panic and large-scale government action. …[the] emotional reaction becomes a story in itself, prompting additional coverage in the media, which in turn produces greater concern and involvement”. This describes perfectly the current state of sterile compounding regulation in pharmacy. 

    Remember a little thing in 2012 that caused outrage aimed at pharmacies across the country? For those of you that don’t recall, Google New England Compounding Center (NECC).  In summary, people died as the result of fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections compounded by NECC. It was pretty bad. The incident lead to congressional hearings, more power being granted to the FDA, increased scrutiny by regulatory and licensing agencies, and ultimately, more pharmacy regulation. Pharmacy is still reeling from the impact that the NECC tragedy had on the profession. 

    Here’s the thing, it was a horrible, terrible, no good tragedy, but it had nothing to do with lack of regulation. The folks at NECC simply chose to ignore best practice and place profit ahead of common sense and standard safety precautions. Lest we forget, USP <797> was already on the books in 2012. Would NECC have followed standard sterile compounding processes in place at the time, we wouldn’t be having this discussion today.  

    A single event, the NECC tragedy, was championed into significant changes without objective analysis. Why? According to Kahneman, we have “a basic limitation in the ability of our mind to deal with small risks, we either ignore them altogether or give them far too much weight…..biased reactions to risks are an important source of erratic and misplaced priorities in public policy. Lawmakers and regulators may be overly responsive to the irrational concerns of citizens, both because of political sensitivity and because they are prone to the same cognitive biases as other citizens”. That’s a perfect description of the current sterile compounding climate. Unfortunately, there’s no going back. As one prominent sterile compounding consultant told me, that ship has sailed. The only thing we can do now is be more prudent with decisions moving forward. 

    Think of the resources that have gone into cleanroom construction, training, and testing since the NECC incident. It’s staggering. Now think of what other pharmacy initiatives could have been implemented with the same resources. Based on risk alone, patient safety would have been better served by putting the same effort toward improving sterile compounding accuracy instead of sterility.

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    [1] Please read the book. It contains little tests and puzzles that will blow your mind. I thought I had solid command of my thinking. I thought my decisions were logical and well reasoned. I was wrong. 

    [2] Paul Slovic, a professor of psychology at the University of Oregon and the president of Decision Research stated that people are “guided by emotion rather than by reason, easily swayed by trivial details, and inadequately sensitive to differences between low and negligibly low probabilities”.